A comet with a nucleus larger than the state of Rhode Island is heading our way, but Earth is in no danger of a "Don't Look Up" situation, astronomers say.
Although comets are most recognizable for their streaming tails, which can stretch for millions of kilometres, the heart of a comet is its solid nucleus. This nucleus is made of ice and dust, which forms a dirty snowball.
While most of the known comet nuclei measure a few kilometres across, astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope spotted Comet C/2014 UN271 with a nucleus that reaches 136 kilometres (85 miles) across. That's more than twice the width of Rhode Island.
This nucleus is about 50 times larger than those of other comets, and it has an estimated mass of 500 trillion tons, which is 100,000 times greater than the mass of a typical comet.
The comet is moving at 35,400 kilometres (22,000 miles) per hour from the edge of our solar system and will make its closest approach to us in 2031. But it will never get closer than 1.6 billion kilometres (one billion miles) away from the sun -- just a little farther than the distance between Earth and Saturn.
The comet was discovered by astronomers Pedro Bernardinelli and Gary Bernstein as they looked through archival images taken by the Dark Energy Survey at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile. The comet was first observed in 2010 and is also known as in honor of its discoverers. Since then, astronomers have observed the comet with ground and space-based telescopes.
In January, researchers used the Hubble Space Telescope to take five photos of the comet. The images are part of a new study published Tuesday in
"This comet is literally the tip of the iceberg for many thousands of comets that are too faint to see in the more distant parts of the solar system," said study coauthor David Jewitt, a professor of planetary science and astronomy at the University of California, Los Angeles, in a statement. "We've always suspected this comet had to be big because it is so bright at such a large distance. Now we confirm it is."
Comets are relics from the early days of the solar system, icy leftover pieces from when the planets were forming. The gravity of the largest planets kicked comets out to the Oort Cloud, and the cloud is now the home of distant comets on the edge of our solar system that extends out into deep space. Comets travel back toward the sun when their orbits experience the gravitational tug of passing stars.
In a few million years, Comet Bernardinelli-Bernstein's orbit will return it to the Oort Cloud.
"This is an amazing object, given how active it is when it's still so far from the Sun," said lead author Man-To Hui, assistant professor at the Macau University of Science and Technology in Taipa, Macau, in a statement. "We guessed the comet might be pretty big, but we needed the best data to confirm this."
The research team used Hubble data to distinguish the comet's nucleus from the coma, or the dusty envelope that surrounds a comet as it gets closer to the sun.
The heat of the sun warms the comet as it approaches, causing parts of it to sublimate, or transition from a solid to a gas. This cloudy coma is why comets look fuzzy when we see them through telescopes.
The team's analysis not only revealed the size of the nucleus, but also the fact that it's darker than coal, Jewitt said.
The comet experiences a 3-million-year-long, oval-shaped orbit. It's now less than two billion miles from our sun.
Astronomers hope that studying Comet Bernardinelli-Bernstein could reveal more about the Oort Cloud, first hypothesized by Dutch astronomer Jan Oort in 1950. The cloud remains a theory because it's too distant to be observed, so the largest structure in our solar system is essentially invisible.
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