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    • Nobel in chemistry honours 'greener' way to build molecules

    In this file photo dated Friday, April 17, 2015, a national library employee shows the gold Nobel Prize medal. (AP Photo/Fernando Vergara) In this file photo dated Friday, April 17, 2015, a national library employee shows the gold Nobel Prize medal. (AP Photo/Fernando Vergara)
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    Wednesday for finding an ingenious and environmentally cleaner way to build molecules -- an approach now used to make a variety of compounds, including medicines and pesticides.

    The work of Benjamin List and David W.C. MacMillan has allowed scientists to produce those molecules more cheaply, efficiently, safely and with significantly less hazardous waste.

    "It's already benefiting humankind greatly," said Pernilla Wittung-Stafshede, a member of the Nobel panel.

    It was the second day in a row that a Nobel rewarded work that had environmental implications. The physics prize honored developments that expanded our understanding of climate change, just weeks before the start of global climate negotiations in Scotland.

    The chemistry prize focused on the making of molecules. That requires linking atoms together in specific arrangements, an often difficult and slow task. Until the beginning of the millennium, chemists had only two methods -- or catalysts -- to speed up the process, using either complicated enzymes or metal catalysts.

    That all changed when List, of the Max Planck Institute in Germany, and MacMillan, of Princeton University in New Jersey, independently reported that small organic molecules can be used to do the job. The new tools have been important for developing medicines and minimizing drug manufacturing glitches, including problems that can cause harmful side effects.

    Johan Åqvist, chair of the Nobel panel, called the method as "simple as it is ingenious."

    "The fact is that many people have wondered why we didn't think of it earlier," he added.

    MacMillan said that winning the prize left him "stunned, shocked, happy, very proud."

    "I grew up in Scotland, a working-class kid. My dad's a steelworker. My mom was a home help. … I was lucky enough to get a chance to come to America, to do my Ph.D.," he said.

    In fact, he said at a news conference in Princeton, he was planning to follow his older brother into physics, but the physics classes in college were at 8 a.m. in a cold and leaky classroom in rainy Scotland, while the chemistry courses were two hours later in warmer, drier spaces. As he told that story, he said he could hear his wife pleading with him not to share it.

    His said the inspiration for his Nobel-winning work came when thinking about the dirty process of making chemicals -- one that requires precautions he likened to those taken at nuclear power plants.

    If he could devise a way of making medicines faster by completely different means that didn't require vats of metal catalysts, the process would be safer for both workers and the planet, he reasoned.

    List said he did not initially know MacMillan was working on the same subject and figured his own hunch might just be a "stupid idea" -- until it worked. At that eureka moment, "I did feel that this could be something big," the 53-year-old said.

    H.N. Cheng, president of the American Chemical Society, said the laureates developed "new magic wands."

    Before the their work, "the standard catalysts frequently used were metals, which frequently have environmental downsides," Cheng said. "They accumulate, they leach, they may be hazardous."

    The catalysts that MacMillan and List pioneered "are organic, so they will degrade faster, and they are also cheaper," he said.

    The Nobel panel noted that their contributions made the production of key drugs easier, including an antiviral and an anti-anxiety medication.

    "One way to look at their work is like molecular carpentry," said John Lorsch, director of the National Institute of General Medical Sciences at the U.S. National Institutes of Health.

    "They've found ways to not only speed up the chemical joining," he said, "but to make sure it only goes in either the right-handed or left-handed direction."

    The ability to control the orientation in which new atoms are added to molecules is important. Failing to do so can result in side effects in drugs, the Nobel panel explained, citing the catastrophic example of thalidomide, which caused severe birth defects in children.

    Since the scientists' discovery, the tool has been further refined, making it many times more efficient.

    Peter Somfai, another member of the committee, stressed the importance of the discovery for the world economy.

    "It has been estimated that catalysis is responsible for about 35% of the world's GDP, which is a pretty impressive figure," he said. "If we have a more environmentally friendly alternative, it's expected that that will make a difference."

    The NIH supported List's research with a grant in 2002. MacMillan's work has received funding from NIH since 2000, for a total of around $14.5 million to date.

    "It's a great example of supporting basic science that you don't necessarily know where it's going to go" but can have major impact, said Francis Collins, NIH director.

    The Nobel comes with a gold medal and 10 million Swedish kronor,, or more than $1.14 million. The money comes from a bequest left by the prize's creator, Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel, who died in 1895.

    Over the coming days, Nobels will be awarded in literature, peace and economics.

    ------

    Jordans reported from Berlin and Larson from Washington. Associated Press journalists Mike Corder in Amsterdam and Ted Shaffrey in Princeton, New Jersey, contributed.

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    N.L.

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